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CFD is also applied in biological and environmental fields in early 1994, a new FORTRAN code was developed to simulate the airborne particles and in later decades, many research studies were done, based on this method, for air/environment pollution and emission/transmission of pathogens. The CFD solution of nonlinear Navier–Stokes equations enables very complex fluid flows to be simulated in different conditions and regions. Computer science advances solved this problem using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based method and developed it well over the years. Unlike other particles, as pathogens are very small with diameters not more than 100 nm, they move under the influence of air particles and, hence, their movement paths are hard to analyze. Such hospital spaces need special exhausts in their air conditioning systems to evacuate the harmful air produced by patients. The rapid disease spreading has caused some cities to begin, in response to the lack of medical centers, to build temporary hospitals for the centralized treatment of patients with acute respiratory syndromes. Considering the very high air-transferability of the virus, the healthcare personnel, who are in constant direct/indirect contact with infected patients, are at high risk and, hence, measures are to be taken to properly ventilate the air inside the hospitals’ infectious wards to protect them. The upper respiratory tract evidence of asymptomatic people infected with the COVID-19 virus has raised the hypothesis that these people’s respiratory microparticles due to their normal activities (e.g., talking) can greatly cause the virus to spread in the air.
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Growing evidence found in airborne particles by detecting the RNAs of the SARS-CoV-2 virus plus studies on how many hours it can survive in the air show that through-the-air-transfer is quite possible. Researches have also been done on whether the transfer is possible through smaller particles in the air. According to the WHO, the coronavirus is transferable through coughing/sneezing respiratory droplets larger than 5 μm. Different countries have thought of different mechanisms to control this virus.
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Like many other infectious diseases (e.g., flu), this virus can transfer through the air and affect the world's population so far it has killed thousands of people. The virus-caused global pandemic has not only affected people’s lives severely all over the world but has also damaged the countries’ economies. In late 2019, the COVID-19 virus outbreak began in Wuhan, China, causing the world to face, in a short time (by early 2020), a significant virus infection-related epidemic leading to an acute respiratory syndrome that could end in death if not treated properly. CFD modeling for studying the effect of social distancing with different spaces, using and not using facial masks, difference of sneezing and coughing, different inlet/outlet ventilation layouts, combining air-conditioning and sanitizing machine, and using general or local air-conditioning systems were reviewed. CFD applications for modeling of COVID-19 dispersion in an airplane cabin, an elevator, a small classroom, a supermarket, an operating room of a hospital, a restaurant, a hospital waiting room, and a children’s recovery room in a hospital were discussed briefly in different scenarios. The main findings of each research were also summarized in a table to answer critical questions about the effectiveness levels of applying the COVID-19 health protocols. Special applications of the CFD modeling such as COVID-19 microfluidic biosensors, and COVID-19 inactivation using UV radiation were also reviewed in this research. Most of these recent applications of the CFD were reviewed for COVID-19 in this article. Social distancing and using the facial masks were also modeled by the CFD approach to study the effect on reducing dispersion of the microdroplets containing the virus. The effect of the different conditions of the ventilation was studied by the CFD modeling to discuss preventing the COVID-19 transmission. CFD was used to understanding the airborne dispersion and transmission of this virus in different situations and buildings. Many efforts were made to use the computation fluid dynamic (CFD) approach in this pandemic. COVID-19 pandemic has started a big challenge to the world health and economy during recent years.